Research

Sadness does not travel. Anger does.

Social StrategyAugust 28, 20264 min read

The paper we are reading

Paywalled

What Makes Online Content Viral?

Journal of Marketing Research · 2012 · 49(2), 192-205

Berger, J., Milkman, K. L. (2012). What Makes Online Content Viral? Journal of Marketing Research, 49(2), 192-205.

Paywalled at the publisher.

DOI: 10.1509/jmr.10.0353

What they found

Positive content was shared more than negative, but valence was the smaller part of the story. What predicted sharing was arousal: how activating the emotion was. Content producing awe, anger or anxiety travelled. Content producing sadness — negative but deactivating — did not. The pattern held after controlling for how surprising, interesting or practically useful the content was, and for how prominently it had been displayed.

How they tested it

Every article the New York Times published over a three-month window, paired with data on how often each was emailed on. Because it is the full set rather than a sample of hits, it avoids the usual trap of studying only things that went viral and reasoning backwards. Controlled experiments then followed, manipulating emotion directly to show the relationship was causal rather than correlational.

What it does not show

It is journalism, not advertising, and email forwarding in 2012, not an algorithmic feed in 2026. Modern platforms rank content before anyone chooses to share it, so what you see is now filtered through a system optimising its own objective — a step that did not exist in this data. The psychology of what makes a person want to pass something on is the durable part. The distribution mechanics around it have changed completely.

Our reading

The axis most brands get wrong

The instinct is to sort content into positive and negative and stay on the positive side. This study says the more useful axis runs from activating to deactivating.

A brand film that leaves people feeling warm and settled is pleasant and inert. Settled is the opposite of the state that makes someone send a thing to a friend.

  • Travels: awe, delight, indignation, genuine surprise, anxiety.
  • Does not travel: sadness, sympathy, contentment, mild interest.

That second list is where an enormous amount of well-made brand content lives, including a good deal of cause marketing, which routinely aims for exactly the emotion the evidence says goes nowhere.

Awe is the one to aim at

Of the emotions that travel, awe is the only one that is both high-arousal and safe to attach to a brand. Anger and anxiety work, and using them deliberately is a decision to be made with your eyes open — it is the mechanism behind most of what is wrong with the modern feed, and it has a way of attaching itself to whoever provoked it.

Awe, in practice, is not grandeur. It is scale, craft or effort that is legible in a couple of seconds. The process shot. The thing made by hand. The number nobody expected.

Useful still counts

The controls in the study are easy to skim past: practically useful content was independently more likely to be shared, on top of the emotional effect. Sharing something useful is a social act — it makes the sender look good.

Which is the most reliable route available to most brands. Genuine utility is a repeatable brief. Awe is not.

The honest caveat about feeds

This is pre-algorithmic data. Today the sharing decision only happens after a ranking system has decided to show you the thing at all, and that system optimises for time spent, not for what you would pass on.

So treat this as a model of the person, not of the platform. It tells you what makes someone want to share. It does not tell you how to get in front of them, and anyone selling you a viral formula on the strength of a 2012 email dataset is selling you something.

The study above is the work of its authors and is not ours. The summary and commentary on this page are written by Big Bang Story and are our interpretation, not the authors’. We do not host copies of other people’s papers — read it at the source.

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